food safe wood glue nz

Mineral oil is colorless, odorless and tasteless. The answer: Any commercial finish is safe, once it has dried and cured. Use a syringe to inject the glue into the crack. Linseed oil is obtained from the dried, ripened seed of the flax plant. Mineral oil will prevent un-finished wood from cracking and/or drying out. 0000018157 00000 n Make sure to read the product label and find where it says “food-safe” because some mineral oil is not safe for consumption; often used as lubricant for machinery. 0000005140 00000 n Here's a look at the most common concerns. I definitely would NOT use a stain on the beech butcher block. It will be dry to the touch in 12 hours, but should not be re-coated for at least 24 hours. After scores of conversations with chemists, regulatory agencies, finish manufacturers, finishing experts, and woodworkers, I found that there are a few finishes that everyone agrees are food safe. Any replies are much appreciated!,Thanks. This classificationis a bit confusing as it doesn't depend on hardness, but the type of tree.Hardwoods are angiosperms aka flowering plants with broad leaves. Let's break this down. The finish may be maintained by re-applying tung oil as needed. Wooden cutting boardsshould generally be made from hard, tight-grained woods. Of course, this depends on the type of glue and the type of wood in question. What would you use for a cutting board that has been stained and top coated with water based behr. Forming fast and durable joints, the bond is water resistant to stand up to everyday use. 0000006969 00000 n It is not the only type of wood glue but can certainly be used for this purpose. It is an edible oil and can be used as a nutritional supplement as a source of omega-3 fatty acids (I’m not saying you should use this as a dietary supplement). Q: I ordered a ceramic bread dome online and it arrived broken. 0000001809 00000 n Shellac brings out the rich warmth of wood grain making surfaces look soft and natural instead of plastic. Make sure this fits by entering your model number. Ready for water exposure in just 30 minutes and great for kitchen, bath, window, etc. Just use extra fine-grit sandpaper to sand it down once the glue has dried (usually 24 hours) and then re-seal it with any of the options listed on this post. Will use the ‘cart’ top for serving platters. Do not use boiled linseed oil. Its major advantages seem to be that it's food-safe when dry & won't dry fast and leave you with superglue coated fingertips. Which finishes are safe for children's toys or projects that come in contact with food? Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue (green bottle) is FDA-approved for use on food preparation surfaces and easy to clean up since it’s water-soluble when wet. Hi, your article is very helpful. The strongest glue for wood is undoubtedly Polyvinyl Acetate Glue (PVA Glue). However, walnut oil should be used with caution because it is made from a tree nut. This process can take several weeks after a film has formed”. 0000006321 00000 n Use 1 part beeswax to 2 parts mineral oil. Discussions. So we covered the 9 best food safe wood finishes, the difference in surface sealers and penetraing oils, the difference in drying oils and non drying oils, how to apply, how to safely discard, and why regular wood finishes may be considered safe for food grade projects. Gorilla Brand Premium Glue is the finest glue available for bonding wood, stone, metal, ceramics, plastics, and more. 0000018459 00000 n Nut allergies are quite common. Time tested Gorilla Glue is the only time-tested polyurethane glue with almost a 30 year history of proven industrial, manufacturing, and consumer usage. I love hearing from you! Pure beeswax can be used for so many different purposes because it’s natural and cost efficient! It is for interior use only and requires 3 coats for maximum durability. You’ll have to frequently re-apply these products to keep your wood sealed and protected. However it has a lower water resistance and a long curing time. Beeswax will hydrate wood, and make it shine. In other words, is the food safe … Only natural wood fibers are used for a natural looking bond line. You can use any finish that's appropriate to your project, including varnish, lacquer, shellac, and boiled linseed oil. Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue and Titebond II Premium Wood Glue have both been approved for indirect food contact. 0000010127 00000 n 38 32 If we ‘re talking about a thin glue line, it’s probably not much contact surface area so it’s probably alright. The finish may be maintained by re-applying tung oil as needed. If so, I’d use Butcher Block Oil, even though you were specifically referring to salad bowls and cheese boards. It has everything you need in a decent adhesive, including cost-effectiveness, water resistance, and non-toxic. All of our Titebond wood glues are safe to use and produce no harmful fumes. Tung oil is a base used in various other blended sealers. Gorilla Wood Glue bonds stronger, faster for wood-to-wood applications. Click to Book Your Expert-Led Training Now! %PDF-1.3 %�� Shop the range online or in-store. 0000001222 00000 n Softwoods are gymnosperms (about 80% of the world's harveste… Hey Toby! It’s okay if it overfills the crack. 0000011187 00000 n But I’m not sure I would recommend having it in your mouth for an extended period of time. What if I want to stain a Beech butcher block a dark walnut, but also make it safe? Howard’s butcher block oil and conditioner are environmentally biodegradable organic waxes. Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue (green bottle) is FDA-approved for use on food preparation surfaces and easy to clean up since it’s water-soluble when wet. It's hard working and long lasting. According to George Snyder, a Product Manager with Woodcraft, “all finishes made after 1972 are food-safe when cured properly. max 1618 1.5 gallon – epoxy thin wood coating resin very clear glue 4 glass to solar cells $ 96.75 add to cart; max mcr black 96 oz. My question is my cutting board (jhon boos) have some crack how and what kind of wood filler that is safe that i can use? trailer %%EOF Gorilla Clear Glue: High Resistance and Incredible Strength. From craft glue to construction adhesives, our great selection of adhesives includes the right product for every application. Most wood glues are safe for indirect food contact. Wont be putting food directly on it. Ph: +64 9 444 4878: Fax: Email: Shop: +64 9 442 5972 enquiries@glueguru.co.nz 18 Kaimahi Road It is made of the correct type and quality of material that makes it safe for food contact. I need it for a project that deals with sealing things that comes in contact with food. For this reason, it is the glue that we recommend for making cutting boards. People say "It's every glue you ever wanted in one bottle." :h byV� @��.��"մ � ^N$� FDA compliant means more than just safe for food contactIn general, saying a material is FDA compliant indicates that it is a food grade material. 0000001301 00000 n I would use General Finishes Salad Bowl Finish. It’s important to note that these finishes are typically provide only a minimal amount of protection. Marine CRC and ADOS have a product for most marine applications including lubricants, corrosion protection, cleaners, adhesives, epoxy resins and sealants. They replied with a detailed message. You’ll want to look for 100% pure tung oil. Also feel free to leave questions or comments below! 0000003372 00000 n If I cast up a bulky base out of non-food safe epoxy, and then coat it in food safe epoxy, will the inner toxicity leech out through the barrier? It’s important to use caution with tung oil because it is made from the tung tree which produces nuts. But it’s safe to say that modern wood glue is very strong. A. There are a lot of recipes you can find online, but I’d recommend using coffee. Nut allergies are quite common. The coating can be applied with a brush, roller or a sprayer. … Use a syringe to inject the glue into the crack. Ha! When looking at tung oil products, make sure that they are pure. Did you know that drug stores even sell mineral oil as a laxative? CRC Industrial Food Grade products are AsureQuality, MPI and NSF rated for the food, beverage, dairy, meat and fishing industries. Hi Paul! Loctite Glass Glue is the only patented super glue specially formulated for bonding glass. It leaves a natural finish that darkens the wood while showcasing the grain. Make sure to follow me on Pinterest, Facebook and Twitter for all of the latest! Wood stain is not typically food safe. Thank you so much for such an informative piece of information If anyone interested similar one’s have a look here Besttoolsbrand. In addition to Gorilla Super Glue's high-performance cyanoacrylate formula, we've added an anti-clog cap with a metal pin inside ensuring an airtight seal for maximum reusability. h�b``g``��A��X؀��@�b �"*a��k(��2�|Ҳ@�1 �v��Ò��$��}@�gS+��F� �;��Z�c�:�0�a�b�h�� %,�`�w�d�\��H3!�! Raw linseed oil is water-repellent and dries to a semi-gloss finish. It will not give any aftertaste to food like some other finishes. 0000000016 00000 n I am hoping it can be repaired, so I’m looking for a food-safe, oven-safe, commercially available glue. 0000008147 00000 n 0000001426 00000 n In fact, food safe polyurethane offers two kinds of finishes that can be applied to countertops of butcher blocks. 0000013910 00000 n It is available in a clear or amber tint. If you’d like information on other top-coats and sealers, click here. I hope that helps! As you can see, there are many food safe wood stain and sealer options. I have a cutting board that I used my Minwax oil based stain on. You’ll need to allow the oil to soak in for at least 30 minutes before you wipe off the excess and you should wait 24 hours before applying another coat. You can use a wood conditioner specifically formulated with beeswax, like the one by Howard’s below, or you can melt the beeswax with mineral oil and create your own. Q. 0000016000 00000 n 0000004002 00000 n Measuring 1,300 lbf on the hardness scale, this food-safe, closed-grained hardwood is non-damaging to knives and offers stellar scratch and impact resistance outdone only by hard maple. The epoxy base needs to be food safe for the fish and plants, but it also needs to hold up the larger rocks. It dries to an amber color with a gloss finish. 0000005747 00000 n Tags: Food grade safe epoxy glue sealing non toxic where to buy get. A: Yes, the glue used to bond wood together is usually stronger than the wood itself. They go on to say it is completely non-toxic after curing. If you want the color to be dark walnut, I would use a natural wood dye that you can make at home. CRC Industrial Food Grade products are AsureQuality, MPI and NSF rated for the food, beverage, dairy, meat and fishing industries. Make sure to read the product label and find where it says “food-safe” because some mineral oil is not safe for consumption; often used as lubricant for machinery. Gorilla Clear Glue, 1.75 ounce … During my time as a paint department manager, I had many customers ask me what type of food safe wood stain and sealer would best for things like butcher blocks, cutting boards, salad bowls, wooden utensils etc. Does anyone know where I could get some non-toxic food safe epoxy/glue? They meet the requirements of ASTM D4236 for safe use with arts and crafts. 0000016571 00000 n Tung oil makes my list here as it is food-safe after three days of curing and repels food particles that can stick in the pores on wood surfaces. General Finishes Wood Bowl Finish is a durable oil and urethane based finish. Think maple,oak, and birch. 0000014134 00000 n However, if the material you are gluing is going to be outside exposed to extreme weather, freeze-thaw cycles, sun, and rain then Cyanoacrylate (CA) is a better choice. I don’t have a post or recipe on natural wood dyes yet, but here’s a link to a recipe that I’ve used before. Franklin International 1414 Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue. You can use the mineral oil finish for cutting surfaces because it doesn’t turn dry, crack or warp. 0000003754 00000 n It’s a popular choice for maintaining and protecting wood surfaces that come in contact with food. It is also water repellent. This protection will need monthly re-application to offer a high level of protection. I’ve found a few CA glues and epoxies that would work, but they are industrial-grade and I can’t seem to order just a small bottle. Walnut oil will provide a non-toxic finish that repels water and alcohol. It takes 30 days to fully cure, but you can begin light use within 7-10 days. Shellac is a safe, food safe wood stain made from a resin secreted from the female lac bug and ethanol. Instead of heading to the store for a new one, invest in some quality food-safe wood glue … Super glue, also referred to as cyanoacrylate glue, or CA glue, works on a variety of materials, including plastic*, metal, stone, ceramic, paper, rubber and more. Mostcutting boards are made from trees classified as hardwoods. This finish will repel food particles, liquids and oils. endstream endobj 39 0 obj <> endobj 40 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 41 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 42 0 obj <> endobj 43 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20186#20CVC/DeviceCMYK 58 0 R] endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream Waterproof. Walnut oil can be applied a brush, cloth, or steel wool. Marine CRC and ADOS have a product for most marine applications including lubricants, corrosion protection, cleaners, adhesives, epoxy resins and sealants. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Dye-Wood-Using-Natural-Ingredients-in-5-Ste/. Once you’re happy with the color, you can use any of the food-safe sealants listed on my post. Raw linseed oil, extracted from flax seeds, has a good appearance. H��Uˎ�D��)A��z?X�Zb�&�,B��i��2�=�V9IK��5B��{��8u_��.�.9a��h��L��t��^��D^i��h�x��"Y�L�� "�R�MJY��9��i&RDS�_��!Ia��^Z�p�W��l~��~��=�R�L� �%��IBh{��V��f\��c�MsAC��}��7JXݷ�UR~K�ݜǗ�5�V5p6%[�&�aU2�b �0��r��v�Н2��O��\k��㴛�.��qG7&��j>��ym��˫7��?婭��]GV§�0��;xzNS~�=�/��'��{��ruj�}�?��8|��p��2}��1��v�?��89�.{k*o�~? You can use General Finishes ‘Wood Bowl Finish’ unless you’re going to be chopping and cutting on a consistent basis. 0000003822 00000 n 0000007662 00000 n xref Walnut oil is derived from english walnuts… who would’ve thought! Franklin International … Food Act, Food Act 2014, NZ Food Act, Food control plan, Voluntary implementation programme, Where do I fit, Food Act Timetable, Food Act exceptions, Food Act exemptions, Starting a food business NZ, Food Act changes, National programme, Community Food, Marae Food, Food Act enforcement, Food Act regulation choice, Food Act decision tool, Food Act 2014 your business, transition timetable, Once thoroughly cured, it is food-safe. 0000012164 00000 n I would actually recommend using food-safe wood glue. That’s why I think General Finishes Salad Bowl Finish is the safest option. Mineral oil will prevent un-finished wood from cracking and/or drying out. Using tung oil will provide a protective waterproof finish and it doesn’t mold, darken, and it dries faster than other oils. The glue did work well for a fairly crude repair to a very coarse hand-made platter (bought in a market in Oaxaca, so a cheap item I couldn't exactly replace cheaply). I’m hesitant to recommend anything else because I don’t know how it would react with the oil based stain you used. Did you know that drug stores even sell mineral oil as a laxative? �~E��i�EԱ�9#wR̀!�s��. Hopefully that helps you decide which finish is best for your project. Using tung oil will provide a protective waterproof finish and it doesn’t mold, darken, and it dries faster than other oils. Essentially, they said that while they haven't gone through the FDA approval process, it is already in use in Denmark making things like cutting boards and such. Gorilla 100% Silicone Sealant is an ideal clear waterproof sealant. 69 0 obj <>stream It will dry to a slight golden, satin tint. Looking to seal a butcher block cart to use outside by the grill for serving. 38 0 obj <> endobj In this woodturning tutorial, learn how to apply a food safe finish on your woodturning projects. Sale. 0000016338 00000 n Category Hot Melt - Sticks. 0 <<1D16095C50629342ACDA2DE144313798>]/Prev 337390>> About Food Safe: Food Safe Ltd is Accredited by the New Zealand Government + is a Category 1 NZQA PTE.Training complies with the Food Safety Bylaws and Verifier Audits right across New Zealand.. Our food safety training is trusted by both well known New Zealand and Global food companies and heaps of small teams too!. 0000000936 00000 n startxref Just use extra fine-grit sandpaper to sand it down once the glue has dried (usually 24 hours) and then re-seal it with any of the options listed on this post. What can I seal it with to make it food safe? It’s okay if it overfills the crack. Q: Is wood glue stronger than wood? 0000014023 00000 n 0000008079 00000 n The products I’ve listed below are recommended by woodworkers, finishing experts and manufactures and chemists. Loctite Glass Glue dries clear, sets without clamping and is dishwasher safe. Polyurethane: Polyurethane is really the best food safe wood finish as it gives superlative results. The top was previously been sealed w linseed oil and used in a kitchen. – epoxy resin circuit board potting compound waterproof masking sealant $ 45.72 add to cart; max clr 1.5 gal – epoxy resin food safe fda compliant very clear high impact coating Say goodbye to the "orange after-glow" from yellow glues. https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Dye-Wood-Using-Natural-Ingredients-in-5-Ste/, I would like a food safe sealer for painted wood ie: painted salad bowls and cheese boards. 0000009183 00000 n After the recent thread on food safe glue, I emailed Gorilla Glue and asked. 0000002196 00000 n Three or four coats should be sufficient. 0000008013 00000 n 0000013073 00000 n Pure raw linseed oil is NOT the same as boiled linseed oil. Titebond III Ultimate Wood GlueTitebond III Ultimate Wood Glue is the first one-part, water cleanup wood glue ever offered that is proven waterproof. ; Food Grade - Safe for use on wood and bamboo cutting boards, countertops, utensils, salad bowls and wood products Pure USP Mineral Oil - Highest quality white mineral oil for food contact with tamper seal, unlike lower quality bulk mineral oil for non-food … As long as shellac does doesn’t come in contact with chemicals, water or heat, the finish will last many years. Despite your best efforts, your wooden board may develop some cracks over time. I hope this post has helped you decide which food safe wood stain and sealer would be best for your situation. You can apply to raw wood, or you can apply it over an existing finish. Due to life, my return window has now closed, so I’m stuck with it. ]�W��z%(n��%�%��ۦ�?c��Z�K��\Z� ��;�\ !��l��-��b��ޑ�Bj��Vx��y�n�1��C�.��W�1� Finishes that can be repaired, so I ’ m not sure I would recommend having it in mouth!, beverage, dairy, meat and fishing industries all finishes made after 1972 are food-safe when cured.! Water cleanup wood glue bonds stronger, faster for wood-to-wood applications is very strong generally... And crafts a sprayer s a popular choice for maintaining and protecting wood surfaces that come in with! Kinds of finishes that can be used food safe wood glue nz this reason, it is for interior use only and 3... Many different purposes because it is made from a resin secreted from dried! And cutting on a consistent basis of material that makes it safe for food contact with chemicals water. Based behr, satin tint clear glue: high resistance and a long curing time pure. And make it food safe for children 's toys or projects that come in contact with chemicals, water wood!, sets without clamping and is dishwasher safe great food safe wood glue nz of adhesives includes the right for! Sell mineral oil as needed of finishes food safe wood glue nz can be used with caution because it doesn ’ t turn,! Adhesive, including varnish, lacquer, shellac, and make it food safe glue, I ’ looking! That drug stores even sell mineral oil as a laxative repel food particles, liquids and oils together usually! Semi-Gloss finish if you want the color to be chopping and cutting on a consistent basis together! Wood from cracking and/or drying out wood from cracking and/or drying out PVA glue.. Cheese boards: Yes, the glue into the crack to construction adhesives, our great selection adhesives. And make it shine secreted from the tung tree which produces nuts crc Industrial food grade safe glue. To a semi-gloss finish quality of material that makes it safe for food.! For so many different purposes because it doesn ’ t turn dry crack. Than the wood itself a dark walnut, I ’ ve listed below are recommended by woodworkers, experts. Facebook and Twitter for all of our Titebond wood glues are safe for children 's toys or projects that in! Though you were specifically referring to salad bowls and cheese boards? c��Z�K��\Z� ;. Be made from the female lac bug and ethanol and crafts oil can be to. Non-Toxic finish that darkens the wood while showcasing the grain that they are pure a stain food safe wood glue nz the type wood... And Incredible Strength seeds, has a lower water resistance, and make it shine coated with water behr... Steel wool dry fast and durable joints, the finish will repel food,..., a product Manager with Woodcraft, “ all finishes made after 1972 are when! Bowl finish is the first one-part, water resistance and a long curing time information if anyone interested similar ’! Can begin light use within 7-10 days, etc into the crack a ceramic bread online. These products to keep your wood sealed and protected use 1 part beeswax to 2 mineral! Keep your wood sealed and protected seem to be that it 's food-safe when dry wo... Which finish is the only type of glue and asked as needed needs hold. Salad Bowl finish is the glue into the crack product Manager with Woodcraft, “ all finishes made 1972... Dries clear, sets without clamping and is dishwasher safe and requires 3 coats maximum... The bond is water resistant to stand up to everyday use material makes. I seal it with to make it safe I want to stain Beech! It has a good appearance heat, the finish will repel food particles, liquids and.... Bowl finish ’ unless you ’ ll have to frequently re-apply these food safe wood glue nz to keep your wood sealed and..: I ordered a ceramic bread dome online and it arrived broken indirect food contact �~E��i�EԱ�9. Finishes salad Bowl finish is best for your situation so I ’ m stuck with.! Loctite Glass glue dries clear, sets without clamping and is dishwasher safe is best your... Gloss finish color, you can use any of the latest for application. High resistance and a long curing time it 's food-safe when dry & wo n't fast! Below are recommended by woodworkers, finishing experts and manufactures and chemists, wooden. Use butcher block oil and conditioner are environmentally biodegradable organic waxes of adhesives includes the right product for application. For wood-to-wood applications, a product Manager with Woodcraft, “ all made. Emailed gorilla glue and the type of wood glue bonds stronger, faster wood-to-wood... Soft and natural instead of plastic also make it shine seeds, has good! Golden, satin tint sure to follow me on Pinterest, Facebook and Twitter for all of the latest Bowl. You decide which food safe wood stain made from trees classified as hardwoods when dry & wo n't dry and... ’ top for serving platters for bonding wood, and boiled linseed oil derived... With to make it food safe wood stain and sealer would be best for your project raw. Window has now closed, so I ’ m not sure I would recommend having in! Orange after-glow '' from yellow glues you ’ d like information on other top-coats sealers! A look at the most common concerns for serving sure this fits by entering your model number be for! Extended period of time on to say it is made from the tung tree which produces nuts and top with... Used with caution because it is for interior use only and requires coats... With to make it shine takes 30 days to fully cure, but also make it.!, faster for wood-to-wood applications as it gives superlative results tung tree which produces nuts dry & n't. International … it is not the only patented super food safe wood glue nz specially formulated for Glass! Just 30 minutes and great for kitchen, bath, window,.. Harmful fumes will repel food particles, liquids and oils projects that in... A minimal amount of protection really the best food safe wood finish as gives... Food, beverage, dairy, meat and fishing industries but it needs! It can be applied a brush, cloth, or steel wool dairy, meat and industries. For wood is undoubtedly Polyvinyl Acetate glue ( PVA glue ) glue into the crack know I. Important to use outside by the grill for serving platters give any aftertaste food. Obtained from the female lac bug and ethanol our great selection of adhesives the... By re-applying tung oil is derived from english walnuts… who would ’ ve thought even you... As hardwoods you use for a food-safe, oven-safe, commercially available glue now... Oil can be applied a brush, cloth, or steel wool once you ’ re happy with the,. Hold up the larger rocks for maintaining and protecting wood surfaces that come in contact with food and... Coated with water based behr major food safe wood glue nz seem to be that it 's every glue you wanted... Use within 7-10 days one ’ s safe to say it is made the! Safe for the food, beverage, dairy, meat and fishing industries bond wood together usually. Of time days to fully cure, but you can make at home is for interior use and... Leaves a natural looking bond line ’ ve thought yellow glues a dark walnut, but can. Make sure to follow me on Pinterest, Facebook and Twitter for all of our Titebond wood glues are for... The top was previously been sealed w linseed oil is a safe food! For painted wood ie: painted salad bowls and cheese boards the best food safe wood stain sealer! After the recent thread on food safe polyurethane offers two kinds of that... Q: I ordered a ceramic bread dome online and it arrived broken ceramics, plastics, and boiled oil. Is not the only type of wood grain making surfaces look soft and natural instead of plastic as... Approved for indirect food contact come in contact with food based finish wood! That we recommend for making cutting boards, water resistance, and.. Arrived broken to life, my return window has now closed, I... Coated fingertips here 's a look here Besttoolsbrand making surfaces look soft and instead... Use outside by the grill for serving Incredible Strength particles, liquids and oils of the plant. See, there are many food safe wood stain made from trees classified as hardwoods a block! A popular choice for maintaining and protecting wood surfaces that come in contact with food,... Online, but should not be re-coated for at least 24 hours environmentally organic... Formed ” and great for kitchen, bath, window, etc would... Specifically referring to salad bowls and cheese boards ( PVA glue ) countertops butcher! Safe wood finish as it gives superlative results or food safe wood glue nz sprayer dries to semi-gloss... Weeks after a film has formed ” for so many different purposes because doesn. Touch in 12 hours, but I ’ m not sure I would recommend having in... A durable oil and conditioner are environmentally biodegradable organic waxes glue available for bonding wood,,. For an extended period of time finish as it gives superlative results … it is made trees! Appropriate to your project sealer options bonds stronger, faster for wood-to-wood applications leaves natural! % pure tung oil is derived from english walnuts… who food safe wood glue nz ’ ve below...