A contemporary poet, Crinagoras of Mytilene, also wrote a poem to commemorate the marriage. In a grand ceremony, large crowds witnessed Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII sitting on golden thrones with Caesarion, Cleopatra Selene, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos sitting on smaller thrones just below them. Controversy surrounds her exact date of death. Roller, Duane W. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome’s. In 34 BC, during the Donations of Alexandria, huge crowds assembled to witness the couple sit on golden thrones on a silver platform with Caesarion, Cleopatra Selene, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphus sitting on smaller ones below them. Their granddaughter Cleopatra Thea of the Ptolemaic dynasty married the Syrian claimant Alexander Balas half a century later in 150 BC. Juba died in 23 AD and was buried in the same tomb. Octavia arranged for Cleopatra Selene to marry the intellectual King Juba II of Numidia, whose father had committed suicide in 46 BC. Cleopatra Selene, originally known only as Selene was the daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII. Does anyone know of Selene having any daughters? Maybe Ptolemy did have a daughter who was named after his sister. She had many children by several husbands. Zahi Hawass, former Director of Egyptian Antiquities, believes Cleopatra died in 8 AD. [7] Her brothers are not recorded in any known historical account and are presumed to have died, possibly from either illness or assassination. Desc: Cleopatra II Selene was the monarch of Syria from 82 to 69 BC. In certain records, Drusilla was said to be Cleopatra & Marc Antony’s granddaughter.Though Drusilla was also thought to be Ptolemy’s daughter’s name. I’m asking since one of my mtDNA (maternal line DNA-test) claims Cleopatra to be his/her most ancient maternal ancestor. The value and quality of Mauretanian coins became recognised throughout the Roman Empire. The chains were so heavy that the children were unable to walk in them, eliciting unexpected sympathy from many of the Roman onlookers. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and join our 5,183 subscribers to stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Cleopatra's promotion of architecture marks a transition between the Hellenistic style and Roman. [11], Cleopatra Selene married Juba II sometime around 20 B.C. With her she had had the beauty of her light in common, Let the children of kings in turn hold from their fathers a strong rule over both lands.”[16], When they arrived in Mauretania, they found ruling to be a hard task. Cleopatra Selene is the forgotten daughter of the infamous Cleopatra VII. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cleopatra Selene is the forgotten daughter of the infamous Cleopatra VII. After the death of her mother, Cleopatra, she reigned as queen of Egypt alongside her brother, Alexander Helios, for two weeks before it was annexed by the Roman Empire. Caesarion went to India, but en route he was betrayed by his tutor, intercepted by Roman forces and executed. She was an Egyptian princess and was proclaimed by Marc Antony as Queen of Cyrenaica and Libya. We do not know what happened to them, but it is most likely that they died of natural causes before they reached adulthood. Thank you for this! She was executed by Tigranes II of Armenia in 69 BC after he captured her and later executed her. Cleopatra Selene II, Egypt, The Royal Women Let the children of Kings in turn hold from their fathers a strong rule over both lands. In the Donations of Antioch and of Alexandria, she was made ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya. [9], When Cleopatra Selene reached the age of maturity, Augustus began to think of a suitable match for her. The question is if Drusilla had any daughter, and so on… . Originally she was named Selene, only adding the Ptolemaic throne name Cleopatra after her marriage with Lathyros. This is a summary of the story of Cleopatra Selene, queen consort of Egypt and Syria then regent and queen regnant of Syria. [17] However, the date of her death is not ascertainable with any certainty. The twins were formally acknowledged by their father, Triumvir Mark Antony, during a political meeting with their mother in 37 BC. Octavian captured Selene and her brothers, and took them to Rome. Juba II was a scholar of historical research and had grown up in Octavian’s household and became a Roman citizen. during a naval battle at Actium, Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt, she became the queen of Egypt in 115 BC when she was married to her brother, King Ptolemy IX, and later probably married King Ptolemy X. Copyright © 2021 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes. [18], However, Cleopatra Selene was capable of ruling the kingdom. The line had been founded by Alexander’s general Ptolemy, who became King Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. Historians generally assume that Juba wouldn't have taken a second wife as a thoroughly Romanized king, arguing that if he married Glaphyra before 4 AD, then his first wife must have already been dead. It encompassed modern-day Algeria and Morocco rather than today’s Mauretania. Cleopatra Selene, however, not only survived into adulthood but became an important and influential political figure in her own right. [23], Cleopatra Selene and Juba II ruled Mauretania for almost two decades until her death at the age of 35. Juba II’s father, King Juba I of Numidia, had committed suicide in 46 B.C. For the daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, see, An ancient Roman bust of either Cleopatra Selene II, Queen of Mauretania, or her mother, "Marble portrait, perhaps of Cleopatra VII's daughter, Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania", "Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene", Cleopatra's Daughter: While Antony and Cleopatra have been immortalised in history and in popular culture, their offspring have been all but forgotten. December 12, 2017 It was only a matter of time when Octavian caught up with them in Alexandria. Therefore, her prestige allowed her to rule alongside her husband as a queen in her own right. In 103 BC, Cleopatra III established an alliance with the Seleucid ruler Antiochus Ptolemy of Mauretania, and Drusilla of Mauretania the Elder. Evangelische Stadtkirche Dillenburg – A hidden gem. Cleopatra Selene (c. 130–69 bce)Queen of Egypt and Syria. During their reign, the country became extremely wealthy. Thanks for the interesting article! Her second name ("moon" in Ancient Greek) opposes the second name of her twin brother, Alexander Helios ("sun" in Ancient Greek). Cleopatra III set an alliance with one of the two quarreling kings of Syria, Antiochus VIII Grypus, and gave him Cleopatra Selene I as his wife. [2], When Cleopatra Selene was six years old, she made her first recorded public appearance in 34 B.C. She imported many important advisers, scholars, and artists from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve in Caesarea. HM George I's 55-Great Aunt. Marc Antony and Octavian came face to face at the famous Battle of Actium in September 31 B.C. Marc Antony was defeated and retreated to Alexandria. Once Juba II died in 23 A.D., Ptolemy became the sole ruler. [18], Selene was placed in the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania in modern Algeria, built by her and Juba east of Caesarea and still visible. The deaths of their mother and Caesarion left Selene and Alexander nominally in charge of Egypt until the kingdom was officially annexed by the Roman Empire two weeks later. Cleopatras. Thus, she was obviously a smart, competent ruler who died while in the prime of her life. The marriage likely took place in 25 BC[8] and was commemorated in an epigram that survives in its entirety: Great neighbouring regions of the world, which divides the Nile, If so, astronomical correlation then can be used to help pinpoint the date of her death: Lunar eclipses occurred in 9, 8, 5 and 1 BC and in AD 3, 7, 10, 11 and 14. When Octavian caught up with Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII in Egypt, they had already sent their children to safety. . By the time Octavian arrived in Egypt in the summer of 30 BC, the couple had sent the children away. Date of death. When hearing of this, his secret wife in Cyprus, with whom he even had a son, takes her own life. She later married Demetrius II of Syria, and they had two sons. Selene is married to the widowed King Grypus of Syria, her cousin and ex-brother-in-law, and Cleopatra III forces Alexander to marry his niece Cleopatra Berenike, Chickpea and Cleopatra … Neither of the children were old enough to assume control of their lands, but it was clear that their parents intended they should do so in the future. Syria gradually disintegrated due to constant civil wars, as the Seleucid kings and their heirs fought for power, tearing the country apart. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII of Egypt by Cleopatra III, in whose political manoeuvrers Cleopatra Selene, favoured by her mother, became a pawn. She was the most important royal woman in the early Augustan age. He also declared Caesarion to be Julius Caesar’s legitimate heir and proclaimed him King of Kings and King of Egypt. Thereafter, Cleopatra, Juba and Ptolemy were mostly forgotten.[15]. Cleopatra Selene. [21] They also built a lighthouse that resembled the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Married Antiochus VIII Grypus, king of Syria in 124 BC. Born around 130 bce; died in 69 bce; youngest daughter of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and Cleopatra III Euergetis (c. 155–101 bce) of Egypt; sister of Cleopatra IV (c. 135–112 bce) and Cleopatra Tryphaena (d. Source for information on Cleopatra Selene (c. 130–69 BCE): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary. Posted on May 29, 2018 Author kyra. This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on January 18, 2018. Meanwhile, their parents committed suicide as Octavian and his army invaded Egypt. Because she saw her beautiful namesake, Selene, The kingdom of Emesa was in the Roman province of Syria and overlapped into modern-day Armenia. Her vigorous promotion of her mother's legacy stood in sharp contrast to the negative image being disseminated in contemporary Augustan poetry. Cleopatra Selene I (Greek:η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη) was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon by his niece Cleopatra III of Egypt.She was the wife of three different kings; including queen consort to Ptolemy IX Lathyros of Egypt, and later queen of Syria.. It is possible that Selene and Juba separated for a time, but that their rift was mended after Juba's divorce from Glaphyra. Date of birth. While Juba II was king of Mauretania, he never had any prior experience in ruling. Based on her eulogy composed by the poet, Crinagoras of Mytilene, her death seemed to coincide with a lunar eclipse, which took place sometime around 23 March 5 B.C. 63, History Today Ltd, London, 2013. African Frontier. Cleopatra Selene of Syria-Wikipedia. Biography Early life and Queen of Syria. [19] She even issued coins in her own name and often referred to her Greek and Egyptian heritage. Selene eventually married Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania. While not much is known about this largely forgotten figure, it is clear that she was a capable queen. Bà là … Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. One of the two satellites of the asteroid (216) Kleopatra was named Cleoselene in her honor. The following epigram by Greek epigrammatist Crinagoras of Mytilene is considered to be her eulogy:[16]. Demetrius II was captured and held as a prisoner by the Parthian Empire. Cleopatra Selene had had two children. She married Juba II of Mauretania and ruled alongside her husband. For other women named Cleopatra, see Cleopatra… Ptolemy X born ca 140 or 139 BC. 63, History Today Ltd, London, 2013. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister of Cleopatra Selene II, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and both maternal great-grandmother and paternal great-aunt of the Emperor Nero. [8], When Octavian arrived back in Rome, he brought Cleopatra Selene and her brothers back with him. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so. Name in native language. Their products included fish, grapes, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from shellfish. However, en route he was betrayed by his tutor, intercepted by the Romans, and was executed. Tingis (modern Tangier), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar), became a major trade centre. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt, she was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in her political manoeuvres. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. [1] Marc Antony then bestowed upon them their names Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios. The reason for his execution is unknown. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and join our 5,183 subscribers to stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Therefore, she was the sister of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, Ptolemy X Alexander I, Cleopatra IV and Cleopatra Selene. [19], Cleopatra was survived by her husband and their son Ptolemy, who ruled Mauretania together until Juba's death in AD 23. [5] It was inevitable that the two had to take military action against each other. For the daughter of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony, see Cleopatra Selene II. He was sent to be raised in Caesar's household; on Caesar's death in 44 BC custody passed to Octavian, the future Augustus. [6] They were members of an extended family that included their half-brother Iullus Antonius (their father's son with his late wife Fulvia), their half-sisters, both called Antonia (daughters of their father with Octavia), and Octavia's older children from a previous marriage, Marcus Claudius Marcellus and his two sisters called Marcella. She started as a winning card in the hands of her mother and became an important political player herself. He annexed the kingdom and turned them into Roman provinces.[27]. [4] Grypus' previous wife, Cleopatra Tryphaena,[5] who was Cleopatra Selene's I older sister, had been killed in … Their younger brother, Ptolemy Philadelphos, was born a year later. Their remains have not been found at the site, perhaps due to tomb raids, possibly shortly after the mausoleum's construction; or because the structure was meant to serve as a memorial and not as a place of burial. And mingled her own darkness with her death. Routledge Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon, 2003;2004;, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window). Mauretania was a vast territory, but lacked organization. The couple had a son and successor, Ptolemy of Mauretania. Cleopatra Selene (died 69 BC) was a queen of Seleucid Syria (83–69 BC). [7] However, the death of Cleopatra VII and Caesarion made Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios in charge of Egypt, and they were brought back to Alexandra to reign in name only until Egypt was officially annexed by the Roman Empire two weeks later. queen of Egypt and Syria. Cleopatra Selene, one of the most determined and long‐lived of the Ptolemaic royal women, was born around 135–130 BCE, the daughter of Ptolemy VIII and his niece‐wife, Cleopatra III.She was one of three daughters (with Cleopatra IV and Tryphaina) and two sons (Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X), and may have been the youngest of the royal siblings. [note 1]. Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; summer 40 BC – c. 5 BC;[2] the numeration is modern) was a Ptolemaic princess and Queen of Mauretania. The Year of the Duchess of Windsor (2021), Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of England, Burial places of the Queens Consort of France, Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of Portugal, Burial Places of the Queens and Consorts of Spain, Carolina of Orange-Nassau – Ancestress of the Royal Houses of Europe, Queen Wilhelmina – A collection of articles. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Timeline of significant events in the life of Cleopatra, Egyptian queen famous in history and drama for her relationships with two leaders of ancient Rome, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She was made ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya. They built many grandiose buildings that had both Roman and Alexandrian architecture. ... for Selene the queen, the same that was also called Cleopatra, ruled then over Syria, who had persuaded the inhabitants to exclude Tigranes. She had coins engraved with her image and poems written about her. [12] Evidence for this is shown on the commencement of their joint coinage. Poss. Wikipedia. The daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in Cleopatra III's political manoeuvres. [10] Cleopatra Selene and Juba II shared a common fact that both had been a part of Roman triumphs. This article is about the daughter of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony. She was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII of Egypt by his niece Cleopatra III. Selene, Alexander, and Ptolemy Philadelphos went south to Thebes. Alexander Helios was named King of Armenia, Media, and Parthia. [3] After Antony and Cleopatra's defeat at Actium and their suicides in Egypt in 30 BC, Selene and her brothers were brought to Rome and placed in the household of Octavian's sister, Octavia the Younger, a former wife of her father. [5], Once Egypt had ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, there remained the question of what to do with Selene and her brothers. Daughter of King Ptolemy XII Auletes, Cleopatra was destined to become the last queen of the Macedonian dynasty that ruled Egypt between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 bce and its annexation by Rome in 30 bce. Taylor and Francis, 2002, doi:10.4324/9780203036082. [14] The coins suggest that Cleopatra Selene did inherit her mother’s strong prominent nose, but was still prettier than her mother.[15]. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Routledge Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon, 2003;2004;. The kingdom of Mauretania was a vast territory. This is the last recorded mention of Cleopatra Selene’s brothers. This does not mean that the twins did not have a name before they were three, but rather Cleopatra VII may have given her children different names at their birth and were renamed when Marc Antony acknowledged them. His choice settled on the Numidian prince Juba II. Learn how your comment data is processed. [10] However, even contemporary client kings with Roman citizenship took multiple wives. HRE Ferdinand I's 49-Great Aunt. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome’s. Cleopatra Selene is said to have exercised great influence on the policies which Juba promoted. [26] Emperor Caligula’s successor, Claudius, took advantage of Mauretania’s situation. [6] Marc Antony was defeated and retreated to Alexandria. [13] One face of the coin shows “Rex Juba” and the other side of the coin is “Basilissa (queen) Cleopatra” in her divine persona as Isis. I had heard of her yet did not know much about her life. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. She was the wife of three different kings; including queen consort to Ptolemy IX Lathyros of Egypt, and later queen of Syria. In 193 BC Cleopatra I, a Seleucid princess, married King Ptolemy V of Egypt. They were forced to participate in a triumph sometime during August of 29 B.C., to celebrate Octavian’s victories over Egypt. Draycott, Jane. [20], Mauretania needed to be modernized. Role in Roman Politics. vol. About Cleopatra Selene of Syria in brief. Press "agree" if you are okay with this. Ptolemy then reigned until 40, when he was executed by Emperor Caligula, his mother's great nephew, who was probably jealous of Mauretania's wealth. Cleopatra IV (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα) was Queen of Egypt briefly from 116 to 115 BC, jointly with her husband Ptolemy IX Lathyros. Thus, they renamed the capital of Iol to Caesarea in honor of Augustus. Cleopatra Selene 1 , daughter of Ptolemy VIII 2 and Cleopatra III 3 , born c135/0 4, queen of a portion of Syria probably in coregency with her son Antiochus XIII probably after the death of her last husband Antiochus X probably in 89/8 or c. 83 5 , executed at Seleucia on the Euphrates by orders of Tigranes king of Armenia 6 in 69 7. Cleopatra Selene (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; c. 135/130 – 69 BC) was the queen regnant of Syria as Cleopatra II Selene (83-69 BC). We use cookies to ensure a personalised experience on our website. She later became queen consort of Syria as the wife of Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. Sohaemus was a priest-king, in that he also functioned as the head of the Emesani worship of the sun god El-Gebal . She was an Egyptian princess and was proclaimed by Marc Antony as Queen of Cyrenaica and Libya. Selene is married to the widowed King Grypus of Syria, her cousin and ex-brother-in-law, and Cleopatra III forces Alexander to marry his niece Cleopatra Berenike, Chickpea and Cleopatra IV's young daughter. She was the most important royal woman in the early Augustan age. The poem goes: “Great neighbouring regions of the world, which the Nile, swollen from black Ethiopia, divides, you have created common kings for both through marriage, making one race of Egyptians and Libyans. Caesarion was sent to India. Cleopatra Selene and her brothers entered into Marc Antony’s ex-wife, Octavia’s, household. Through the couple's influence, the Mauretanian kingdom flourished. Her son, Ptolemy co-ruled with his father, Juba II. Married his niece Berenice (daughter of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene I) Cleopatra IV born between 138 and 135 BC. Cleopatra Selene. 135 BC (statement with Gregorian date earlier than 1584), 131 BC. Cleopatra Selene queen of Syria. Cleopatra Selene of Syria. It has been suggested that this was, Cleopatra Selene is mentioned in the novels by, Cleopatra Selene is a significant character in, Cleopatra Selene and her twin Alexander appear briefly in the television series, Cleopatra Selene is a major character in "The Daughters of Pallatine Hill", by Phyllis T. Smith (2016), Though identified simply as the daughter of the most famous Cleopatra, a character calling herself Patra appears in the third, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 14:03. Covering her suffering in the night, after he was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Thapsus. In 25 BC, Augustus decided to confer on Juba and Selene the newly created client kingdom of Mauretania as Numidia had been turned into the Roman province of Africa Nova in 46 BC. It was only a matter of time when Octavian caught up with them in Alexandria. Married first her brother Ptolemy IX and second Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, king of Syria. Antony declared Cleopatra to be Queen of Kings, Caesarion to be the true son of Julius Caesar and King of Egypt, and proceeded to bestow kingdoms of their own upon Selene and her brothers. Breathless, descending to Hades, While she never got the recognition of her infamous mother, she may well have have been a more successful queen in her own right. vol. She, alongside her husband, ruled for twenty years over a large kingdom. Eventually, she ruled Syria as Queen Regent for a time and was able to make a play for the Egyptian throne on her sons’ behalf. You have created common kings for both through marriage, making one race of Egyptians and Libyans. Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; summer 40 BC – c. 5 BC; the numeration is modern) was a Ptolemaic princess and Queen of Mauretania. Juba II was a baby when he was brought to Rome and participated in the African section of Julius Caesar’s triumph. The daughter’s name is technically unknown but is thought to be Drusilla. She became a Roman prisoner and lived in the household of Emperor Augustus’s household. Cleopatra Selene was named Queen of Cyrenaica and Libya. It’s thought that Selene had Ptolemy and then a daughter. Cleopatra Selene of EGYPT (co-Regent in Syria) Born: ? Upload media. Considered more easy to control by her mother, Cleopatra Selene became a pawn in the queen mother’s political maneuvers. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Your data will be shared with Google and other ad vendors. However, in 40 A.D., Ptolemy was executed under the orders of Emperor Caligula. The Donations of Alexandria and an alleged copy of Marc Antony’s will, which stated that Marc Antony would rather be buried with Cleopatra VII in Alexandria instead of Rome with Octavia, broke away with his breach with Octavian. Lauralee [15], The couple ruled Mauretania for almost two decades until Cleopatra's death at the age of 35. Cleopatra Selene I (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; c. 135/130-69 BC) was the daughter of Ptolemy VIII Physcon by his niece Cleopatra III of Egypt. Augustus also seemed to take a liking to him and gave Juba II the client kingdom of Mauretania. The youngest Ptolemy Philadelphus was named King of Syria and Cilicia.[4]. She had great influence in Mauretania's government decisions, especially regarding trade and construction projects. Cleopatra’s Daughter. Thanks Meghaan and Lyla! During his triumph, he paraded the twins dressed as the moon and the sun in heavy golden chains, behind an effigy of their mother clutching an asp to her arm. Cleopatra Selene of Syria Monarch. Not interested? η Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη. Caligula's successor, Emperor Claudius, took advantage of Ptolemy's lack of heirs and assumed control of Mauretania, turning it into the Roman provinces of Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. Whitehorne, John. Dynastic marriage was used to maintain a degree of peace between Ptolemaic Egypt and Syria; Ptolemaic princess Cleopatra Thea became the consort of three successive Syrian kings in 150, 145 and 138 BC. Agnes Harris's 53-Great Grandmother. Cleopatra Selene and her two brothers went south to Thebes. It is traditionally believed that she was alive to mint them, but this would mean that her husband married Princess Glaphyra of Cappadocia during Selene's lifetime. Cleopatra supported Mauretanian trade. The young rulers renamed their new capital Caesarea (modern Cherchell, Algeria), in honor of the Emperor.[12]. This event, along with Antony's marriage to Cleopatra and divorce of Octavia Minor, older sister of Octavian (future Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus), marked a turning point that led to the Final War of the Roman Republic.